Abstract
The evolving digital landscape and the rise in cyber threats necessitate a strategic reassessment of the Nigerian Library and Information Science (LIS) curriculum. This study employs a narrative literature review methodology to explore the imperative of integrating cybersecurity education into LIS programs in Nigeria. The review synthesizes relevant academic and grey literature to identify existing gaps in LIS curricula, assess international trends, and highlight competencies required by modern information professionals in safeguarding digital assets. Findings indicate that current LIS training in Nigeria largely overlooks cybersecurity, despite increasing digitization of library services and data-driven operations. The review underscores the need to equip LIS graduates with fundamental cybersecurity knowledge, including data protection, digital ethics, cyber hygiene, and information assurance. It also reveals global best practices where LIS schools have successfully embedded cybersecurity modules into core programs. The study concludes by recommending collaborative efforts among academic institutions, policymakers, and professional bodies to reform LIS education in Nigeria, ensuring relevance in a technology-centric world. Integrating cybersecurity into LIS curricula will not only enhance graduates’ employability but also strengthen the resilience and credibility of information institutions in Nigeria.
References
Abrahams, T., Farayola, O., Kaggwa, S., Uwaoma, P., Hassan, A., & Dawodu, S., (2024). Cybersecurity awareness and education programs: a review of employee engagement and accountability. Computer Science & IT Research Journal, 5(1), 100-119. 10.51594/csitrj.v5i1.708.
Abubakara, B.M. (2021). Library and Information Science (LIS) education in Nigeria: emerging trends, challenges and expectations in the digital age. Journal of Balkan Libraries Union,8(1), 57-67.
Adejumo, F., Oye, E., & Olorunleke, P. (2015). A critical examination of the librarian’s registration council of Nigeria code of ethics in the light of international best practices in Library and Information Science Professions. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal),1281. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1281
Agwu-Okoro, N.G. (2025). Cybersecurity strategies for startups. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/data-protection-cybersecurity-strategies-startups-agwu-okoro-joczf
Ahmed, B., & Ahmed, A.B. (2024). Influence of Information and Communication Technology (ICTs) in libraries for information service delivery: issues and practices. Jewel Journal of Librarianship, 19(1), 12-22.
Ahamed, B., Polas, M.R.H., Kabir, A.I., Sohel-Uz-Zaman, A.S.M., Al-Fahad, A., Chowdhury, S., & Dey, M.R. (2024). Empowering students for cybersecurity awareness management in the emerging digital era: the role of cybersecurity attitude in the 4.0 industrial revolution era. SAGE Open, 1–14, DOI: 10.1177/21582440241228920
Alliance Law Firm, ALF (2025). Cybersecurity In the Nigerian Energy Sector. https://alliancelawfirm.ng/cybersecurity-in-the-nigerian-energy-sector/
Alliance Law Firm (2024). Compliance with the Nigeria Data Protection Act 2023 (NDPA): outlook for 2024. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=b6e44c8c-64a9-4585-ba83-a010b96787c8#:~:text=2,with%20Requisite%20Skill%20and%20Expertise
Ayo-Odewale, B. (2023). NUC introduces software engineering, cybersecurity, others to university curriculum. https://technext24.com/2023/09/01/nuc-tech-nigeria-courses/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Bakrin, S.M., Bello, M.A., & Ogunrinde, M.A. (2020). Adoption of Cloud Computing and OPAC Visibility in Nigerian University Library System. International Journal of Information Science and Management, 18(2), 133-149.
Bellini, E. and Tammaro, A.M. (2024). Cybersecurity for digital libraries: an interview with Emanuele Bellini. Digital Library Perspectives, 40 (2), 348-355. https://doi.org/10.1108/DLP-05-2024-147.
Catholic University of America (2025). Digital libraries. https://lis.catholic.edu/academics/courses/course-descriptions/index.html https://lis.catholic.edu/academics/courses-of-study/digital-libraries/index.html
Crick, T., Davenport, J. H., Irons, A., & Prickett, T. (2019). A UK Case Study on Cybersecurity Education and Accreditation. ArXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.09584
Chaudhary, S., Gkioulos, V., & Sokratis, K. (2023). A quest for research and knowledge gaps in cybersecurity awareness for small and medium-sized enterprises. Computer Science Review, 50, 100592, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosrev.2023.100592.
Chukwumaobi, N.J. (2018). assessment of the practice of preserving digital materials in university libraries in South-east, Nigeria. A Dissertation, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.
Nigerian Data Protection Act (2023). Explanation memorandum. https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Nigeria-Data-Protection-Act-2023.pdf
Dahiru, S. (2022). Reinvigorating Nigerian Library and Information Science (LIS) Curriculum to Cope with Dwindling Job opportunities and Latest Technological Advancement. 2022 Library and Information Science Conference (LISCON) 2022, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. https://theliscon.org/category/proceedings/2022/
D’Amato, L. (2025). Resource sharing that expands library collections and delivers fast—some e-resources in 15 minutes. https://www.oclc.org/en/worldshare-ill.html
Dasuki, M.S. (2014). National cybersecurity policy. https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res//treaties/strategies/nigeria/nga0001s_html/NATIONAL_CYBESECURITY_STRATEGY.pdf
Diesch, R., Pfaff, P., & Krcmar, H. (2020). A comprehensive model of information security factors for decision-makers. Computers & Security, 92, 101747, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2020.101747.
Dunmade, A.O. & Tella, A. (2023). Libraries and librarians’ roles in ensuring cyberethical behaviour. Library Hi Tech News, 40 (7), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-04-2023-0068
Ebelogu, C.U., Prasad, R., Bisallah, H.I., Hammawa, B.M., & Musa, I. (2025). Investigation of cybersecurity vulnerabilities and mitigation strategies in nigeria’s oil and gas industry. ABUAD Journal of Engineering and Research Development, 8(1), 140–150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.15-j
Fatade , A. T., Ajiboye , B. A., & Ogunjimi, M. S. I. (2023). Disaster preparedness and security management in two academic libraries in South-West Nigeria. Gateway Information Journal, 24(1 & 2), 46–61. Retrieved from https://www.gatewayinfojournal.org/index.php/gij/article/view/35
Familoni, B.T. & Shoetan, P.O. (2024). Cybersecurity in the financial sector: a comparative analysis of the USA and Nigeria. Computer Science & IT Research Journal, 5(4):850-877 DOI:10.51594/csitrj.v5i4.1046
Elebiju, O. (2024). Digital disconnects? Unpacking the extent and limits of engagement with the
digital TV switchover among remote rural communities in the Lagos region. A Thesis submitted for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Stirling, Faculty of Arts and Humanities.
Ezema, A.L., Ogbuabor, C.D., & Ekenna, U.C. (2023). Operational challenges of library and information science education in a digital environment. Library and Information Science Digest 17(1), 16-28.
IFLA (2022). IFLA Statement on cybersecurity approved by the IFLA Governing Board, February 2022. https://repository.ifla.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/ade7b283-522d-4a45-bca5-5fcb552e62b2/content#:~:text=Governments%20should%3A%20%E2%97%8F%20Ensure%20that,of%20Disinformation%20as%20a%20Cybersecurity
IFLA (2025). IFLA statement on privacy in the library environment. https://www.ifla.org/publications/ifla-statement-on-privacy-in-the-library-environment/
George, M. (2025). GDPR Compliance: your guide to European data privacy regulations. https://www.ketch.com/regulatory-compliance/general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr
Idhalama, O. U., Oredo, J. O., & Makori, E. O. (2025). Evaluating the availability and accessibility of digital resources and services in public university libraries in Nigeria. Alexandria, 35(1-2), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/09557490251335954
Ikwuanusi, U., Adepoju, P., & Odionu, C (2023). Advancing ethical AI practices to solve data privacy issues in library systems. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Updates, 6(2), 033-044. 10.53430/ijmru.2023.6.1.0063.
Igbinovia, M. & Clifford, I. (2023). Cyber security in university libraries and implication for library and information science education in Nigeria. Digital Library Perspectives, 39(3), 10.1108/DLP-11-2022-0089.
Igwe, U. (2021). Nigeria’s growing cybercrime threat needs urgent government action. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2021/06/09/nigerias-growing-cybercrime-phishing-threat-needs-urgent-government-action-economy/
Jegbefume, C.M., Ikhimeakhu, D.S., & Muhammed, A. (2025). Curriculum development in library and information science in Nigeria in the era of technology advancement: challenges and expectations. Jewel Journal of Librarianship, 20(1), 1-8.
Kwanya, T., Kibandi, I.M., & Gatiti, P. (2024). Re-imagining library and information services in the digital era. Proceedings of the 26th Standing Conference of Eastern, Central and Southern African Library and Information Associations (SCECSALXXVI) held on 22nd — 26th April, in Mombasa, Kenya
Lawal, S. (2024). Cybersecurity threats in Nigeria: prevention and response. https://osundefender.com/cybersecurity-threats-in-nigeria-prevention-and-response/
Mugwisi, T. & Mugwisi, T. (2024). Investigating the integration of ICTs in Library and Information Science (LIS) curriculum in Zimbabwe. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 8035. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/8035
Muhusina Ismail, Nisha Thorakkattu Madathil, Meera Alalawi, Saed Alrabaee, Mohammad Al Bataineh, Suhib Melhem, Djedjiga Mouheb. (2024). Cybersecurity activities for education and curriculum design: A survey. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 16, 100501, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100501.
Nadeem, A. (2023). Cybersecurity as a Crosscutting Concept Across an Undergrad Computer Science Curriculum: An Experience Report. ArXiv. https://doi.org/10.1145/3626252.3630821
Nakiyingi, R.L. (2024). Strengthening Cybersecurity in Nigerian libraries: challenges, mitigation strategies, and future trends. Research Output Journal of Biological and Applied Science, 3(2),23-27.
NUC (2014). Benchmark minimum academic standards for undergraduate programmes in Nigerian universities. https://nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Education%20Draft%20BMAS.pdf#:~:text=education%20for%20Library%20and%20Information,for%20all%20types%20of%20libraries
Nigerian Communication Commission, NCC. (2024). Baseline Study on the Level of Digital Skills in Nigeria (Women, Youth, and the Physically Challenged) (RD-1). https://www.ncc.gov.ng/sites/default/files/2024-11/Baseline-Study-on-Level-of-Digital-Skills-on-Nigeria-%28Women%2C-Youth-and-the-Physically-Challenged---RD1.pdf
Obim, I.E. & Akpokurerie, A.O. (2023). Awareness of cybersecurity and its impact on information storage in the university libraries in south east Nigeria. Information Technology and Librarianship, 3(2), 126-140.
Ocks, Y. & Salubi, O.G. (2024). Privacy Paradox in Industry 4.0: A review of library information services and data protection. South African Journal of Information Management, 26(1), a1845. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v26i1.1845
Ogene, F. (2024). Cybersecurity and IT governance challenges in Nigeria: strategic investment needs and the path forward for a resilient digital economy. International Journal of Computer Applications, 186(55), 41-46.
Okeji, C.C. & Mayowa-Adebara, O. (2021). An evaluation of digital library education in library and information science curriculum in Nigerian universities. Digital Library Perspectives, 37(2), 102-118. https://doi.org/10.1108/DLP-04-2020-0017
Okpara, H.U., Alegbeleye, G.O, Babalola, O.Y. (2024). Organisational justice and librarians’ digital security behaviours in universities in south-east, Nigeria. International Journal of Education, Library and Information Communication Technology, 3(1), 32-42.
Okusi, O. (2024). Cyber security techniques for detecting and preventing cross-site scripting attacks. World Journal of Innovation and Modern Technology, 2(1), 71-89. DOI:10.56201/wjimt.v8.no2.2024.pg71.89
Omoike A. & Alabi, R. (2023). Awareness and perception of cybersecurity among librarians in federal universities in South-West, Nigeria. Journal of Library Services and Technologies, 5(3), 90 – 104. DOI: http://doi.org/10.47524/jlst.v5i3.91
One Trust DataGuide (2020). Comparing privacy laws: GDPR v. Nigeria data protection regulation https://www.dataguidance.com/sites/default/files/gdpr_v._nigeria.pdf
Oladosu, S. (2024). Curriculum Development and Inclusion of Network Security in Nigeria’s Education System. EduGist. https://edugist.org/curriculum-development-and-inclusion-of-network-security-in-nigerias-education-system/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Oladokun, B.D., Oloniruha, E.A., Mazah, D., & Okechukwu, O.O. (2024). Cybersecurity risks: a sine qua non for university libraries in Africa. Southern African Journal of Security 2(1), 1-14.
Osaro, M. & Osazuwa, C. (2024). Confidentiality, integrity, and availability in network systems: a review of related literature. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 8(12), 1946-1955.
Oloruntade, G. (2024). 03: Can 3MTT turn Nigeria into a global tech talent powerhouse? https://techcabal.com/2024/10/04/3mtt-nigeria-tech-talent-powerhouse/#:~:text=After%20she%20was%20selected%2C%20Aliyu,foundational%20concepts%20in%20their%20chosen
Oyelude, A.A. (2023). Teaching Digital Preservation and Curation in Library and Information Science Schools: The State of the Art in Nigeria. 88th IFLA World Library and Information Congress (WLIC), 2023 Rotterdam; https://repository.ifla.org/handle/20.500.14598/2693.
Panteli, N., Nthubu, B.R. & Mersinas, K. (2025). Being responsible in cybersecurity: a multi-layered perspective. Information System Frontier, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-025-10588-0
Pinki, I. (2024). Data Analytics and LIS Education. VEETHIKA-An International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 10(3), 42-48. DOI:10.48001/veethika.2024.10.03.005
Popoola, O., Rodrigues, M., Marchang, J., Shenfield, A., Ikpehai, A., & Popoola, J. (2023). A critical literature review of security and privacy in smart home healthcare schemes adopting IoT & blockchain: Problems, challenges and solutions, Blockchain: Research and Applications, 5(2), 100178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100178.
Robert Gordon University (2025). Module Database Search – Digital libraries. http://www4.rgu.ac.uk/prospectus/modules/disp_moduleView.cfm?Descriptor=CBM836&Revision=1
Reddy, A.N.M. (2024). Librarianship in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (AI) DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.10509.04322. Conference: BOSLA-SNDT Women’s University Special Lecture.
Saha, R. (2024). Data privacy and cyber security in digital library perspective: safe guarding user information. International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management, 08(04). DOI:10.55041/IJSREM30761
Sahabi, M.K & Otobo, E.E (2021) Academic library and challenges of service delivery in nigerian universities in the digital era. information impact: Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 12:2,51-61, DOIhttps://dx.doi.org/10.4314/iijikm.v12i2
Singh, K., Chatterjee, S., Mariani, M., & Wamba, M.F. (2025). Cybersecurity resilience and innovation ecosystems for sustainable business excellence: Examining the dramatic changes in the macroeconomic business environment. Technovation, 143, 103219, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103219.
Taherdoost, H. (2022). Understanding Cybersecurity Frameworks and Information Security Standards—A Review and Comprehensive Overview. MDPI Electronics 11(14), 2181 DOI:10.3390/electronics11142181
TechTrends (2023). NUC Adds Cybersecurity Software Engineering, Others to Nigerian University Curriculum. https://techtrends.africa/nuc-adds-cybersecurity-software-engineering-others-to-nigerian-universitycurriculum/#:~:text=During%20a%20recent%20stakeholder%20meeting%2C,implemented%20beginning%20in%20September%202023
University of Washington (2025). Course description. https://www.washington.edu/students/crscat/imt.html
University of Pretoria (2025). MIT ICT Information Science (code 12254016). https://www.up.ac.za/school-of-information-technology/article/1906037/mit-ict-information-science-code-12254016
Weitzenboeck, E.M., Lison, P., Cyndecka, M., & Langford, M. (2022). The GDPR and unstructured data: is anonymization possible?, International Data Privacy Law, 12(3), 184–206, https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipac008
Wells, D. (2021). Online Public Access Catalogues and library discovery systems. Knowledge Organization 48(6), 457-466. 104 references. DOI:10.5771/0943-7444-2021-6-457.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Librarianship

